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The history of poker is a matter of some debate. It closely resembles the Persian game of as nas, and may have been taught to French settlers in New Orleans by Persian sailors. The name of the game likely descended from the French poque, which descended from the German pochen ('to knock'). Yet it is not clear whether the origins of poker itself lie with the games bearing those names. It is commonly regarded as sharing ancestry with the Renaissance game of primero and the French brelan. The English gamebrag (earlier bragg) clearly descended from brelan and incorporated bluffing (though the concept was known in other games by that time). It is quite possible that all of these earlier games influenced the development of poker as it exists now.
English actor Joseph Crowell reported that the poker game was played in New Orleans in 1829, with a deck of 20 cards,four players betting on which player's hand was the most valuable. Jonathan H. Green's book, An Exposure of the Arts and Miseries of Gambling (G. B. Zieber, Philadelphia, 1843), described the spread of the game from there to the rest of the country by Mississippi riverboats, on which gambling was a common pastime. As it spread up the Mississippi and West during the gold rush, it is thought to have become a part of the frontier, pioneering ethos.
Soon after this spread, the full 52-card English poker deck was used, and the flush was introduced. During the American Civil War, many additions were made, including draw poker, stud poker (the five-card variant), and the straight. Further American developments followed, such as the wild card (around 1875), lowball and split-pot poker (around 1900), and community card poker games (around 1925). The spread of the game to other countries, particularly in Asia, is often attributed to the U.S. military.
The game and jargon of poker have become important parts of American culture and English culture. Such poker phrases and poker terms as ace in the hole, ace up one's sleeve, beats me, blue chip, call one's bluff, cash in, high roller, pass the buck, poker face, stack up, up the ante, when the chips are down, wild card, and others are used in everyday conversation, even by those unaware of their origins at the poker table.
Modern tournament play became popular in American casinos after the World Series of Poker began, in 1970. Notable poker champions from these early WSOP tournaments include Johnny Moss, Amarillo Slim, and Doyle Brunson. It was also during that decade that the first serious strategy books appeared, notably by Doyle Brunson and Mike Caro, followed later by David Sklansky.
Poker's popularity experienced an unprecedented spike in the first years of the 21st century, largely because of the introduction of online poker and the invention of the hole-card camera, which turned the game into a spectator sport. Viewers could now follow the action and drama of the game, and broadcasts of poker tournaments such as the World Series of Poker and the World Poker Tour brought in huge audiences for cable and satellite TV distributors. Because of the increasing coverage of poker events, poker pros are becoming more and more like celebrities, with poker fans all over the world entering into expensive tournaments for the chance to play with them. This increased camera exposure also brings a new dimension to the poker professional's game—the realization that their actions may be aired later on TV.
Major poker tournament fields have grown dramatically because of the growing popularity of online satellite-qualifier poker tournaments where the prize is an entry into a major poker tournament. The 2003 and 2004 WSOP champions, Chris Moneymaker and Greg Raymer, respectively, won their seats to the main event by winning online satellites.
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The vast majorities of authentic poker chips are 'clay' chips but can be more accurately described as Compression Molded Chips. Contrary to popular belief no gaming poker chip going as far back as the 1950s have been 100% clay. Modern clay poker chips are a composition of materials more durable than clay alone. At least some percentage of the poker chips are of an earthen material such as sand, chalk and or clay similar to that found in cat litter. The process used to make these poker chips is a trade secret, very expensive, time consuming and varies slightly by manufacturer. Additionally, the Edge Spots or Inserts, as they are some times called, are not painted on as they can sometimes appear to be. In fact they are areas where the clay has been punched out of the poker chip and then replaced by hand with a new piece of clay of an alternate color.
The printed graphics on clay poker chips is called an inlay. Inlays are typically made of paper and are then covered with a thin film of plastic which is applied to the poker chip prior to the compression molding process. During the molding process the inlay becomes permanently affixed to the poker chip and can not be removed from the poker chip without destroying it.
Ceramic chips such as those made by ChipCo International were introduced in the mid 1980s as an alternative to clay poker chips and are still very common in poker rooms as well as being readily available to the home market. Ceramic chips are often referred to as clay or clay composite but they are in fact solid white, injection molded, ceramic disks which are simply printed on.
Bud Jones are an alternate style of chip and are one of the very few injection molded plastic chips used in poker rooms. They are produced by Gaming Products International and are not produced for the home market.
The poker chips used in American poker rooms rarely weigh more than 10 grams and are usually between 8.5g - 10g. There is no official weight however and some, particularly coin inlayed poker chips, can weigh more. The chips sold for home use vary substantially more, sometimes weighing as much as 13.5g, depending on manufacturer and construction.
Common designs for home use depict the six faces of a die or the card suit symbols around the edge on the face of the poker chip. They are typically manufactured with injection molding technology using ABS plastic. Some chips are molded around a small metal disc, called a slug, for weight.
European poker chips often come in Mother of Pearl. The higher value chips are often shaped like plaques.
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